About Architect David M. Childs, Design Partner

Architect David Childs (born April 1, 1941 in Princeton, New Jersey) is best known as the designer of the One World Trade Center we see today in Lower Manhattan. His long relationship with Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM) has given this senior statesman of American architecture wide-ranging experience and success. David Magie Childs was priviledged to attend the best private schools in the United states — from the Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts to his 1963 Bachelors degree from Yale University. His career as an architect began after completing a graduate degree from Yale School of Art and Architecture in 1967. He began his professional career in Washington, D.C. when from 1968 to 1971 he joined the Pennsylvania Avenue Commission. Fresh out of Yale University, Childs formed a strong relationship with both Nathaniel Owings, a founding partner of Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM), and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, a future U.S. Senator from New York State. From 1964 until 1973, Childs future employer, Nathaniel Owings, was chairman of President Kennedys Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC. In the early years of the Kennedy administration, the plan to redesign Pennsylvania Avenue was the most significant redevelopment project in the country, claims the SOM website. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the young Assistant Secretary of Labor in the Kennedy Administration, led the governments plan to revitalize Pennsylvania Avenue and the National Mall. Through this Commissions hard work, negotiations, and consensus, Pennsylvania Avenue is now a designated National Historic Site. One could argue that Childs early experiences on the Commission led the young architect to a lifelong proficiency in public architecture, city planning, and the politics behind construction and design — skills needed to accomplish his goals in the complicated days after September 11, 2011. David Childs has been associated with SOM since 1971, at first working on projects in Washington, D.C. From 1975 until 1981 he was Chairman of the National Capital Planning Commission involved in the 1976 Washington Mall Master Plan and Constitution Gardens. He worked on the 1984 National Geographic Society M Street Building and then the U.S. News and World Report Headquarters, both in Washington, D.C. By 1984 David Childs had moved to New York City, where hes been working on SOM projects ever since. A portfolio of his projects highlights a number of buildings in New York City  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the Worldwide Plaza at 825 8th Avenue (1989); Bertelsmann Tower at Times Square (1990); Times Square Tower at 7 Times Square (2004); Bear Stearns at 383 Madison Avenue (2001); AOL Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle (2004); and, of course, 7 World Trade Center (2006) and 1 World Trade Center (2014). Moynihan Station Redevelopment at the James A. Farley Post Office and 35 Hudson Yards are his latest project for the City of New York. Outside of The Big Apple, Childs was the design architect for the 1998 Robert C. Byrd United States Courthouse in Charleston, West Virginia and the 1999 U.S. Embassy in Ottawa, Canada. In May 2012, David Childs was one of fifteen Architects of Healing receiving a special AIA Gold Medallion for his redesign of One World Trade Center and Seven World Trade Center in New York City. Childs is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA). David Childs In His Own Words I like big complicated projects where you have to assemble teams, deal with the down-and-dirty contractors, the marketplace and the leasing agents with an imagination level only as high as what made money last time. — 2003, The New York Times Each of us architects has had mentors and teachers whose work and words have guided us as well. For me they include Nat Owings, Pat Moynihan, Vincent Scully. It is thus been a very collective effort in the fullest sense, and I believe every American can equally take pride in what is and has been accomplished. — 2012 AIA National Convention You know what a Richard Meier building will look like; theres a style. Im more like Eero Saarinen, whom I revere. His buildings all look different. — 2003, The New York Times The U.S. invented skyscrapers, but weve fallen behind. WTC 1 is a solution to many technical problems, and it represents the very best in codes, structure, and safety. Its a concrete core with steel exterior, which is an efficient and safe system, but it had not been done in New York for a host of reasons, mostly because of the arrangement between trade groups. The form tapers on its four corners, which buildings — like trees — want to do anyway. — 2011 AIArchitect What Others Say Throughout his years of practice in Washington, Mr. Childs became noted for his design of appropriate architecture, buildings and spaces that respond to their settings and programs rather than pursue a preconceived architectural image. — U.S. Department of State Your work demonstrates that architecture is the art of compromise and collaboration, that it is a social act, never created by one person working alone and always creating community. As a creative artist successfully negotiating within a world governed by corporate objectives you have shown that aesthetic vision and functional considerations can coexist, that architecture is the art of both the real and the visionary. You compose steel and glass the way a poet constructs phrases and in so doing create physical entities that reflect personal aspirations and a collective self-image. Your buildings grace our environment and enrich our lives. — Colby Collge Sources Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc41.htm [accessed September 2, 2012]Nathaniel A. Owings, FAIA, Architect and Founding Partner, 1903-1984, Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM), www.som.com/content.cfm/nathaniel_a_owings [accessed September 2, 2012]The New Ground Zero: The Invisible Architect, Julie V. Iovine, The New York Times, August 31, 2003 [accessed August 15, 2012]Architects of Healing Videos, American Institute of Architects, 2012 [accessed August 15, 2012]AIArchitect Talks with David Childs, FAIA, John Gendall, AIArchitect, 2011 [accessed August 15, 2012]U.S. State Department, http://canada.usembassy.gov/about-us/embassy-information/frequently-asked-questions/embassy-architects.html [accessed September 5, 2012]Citation for David M. Childs, Colby College, May 22, 2005, http://www.colby.edu/news_events/commencement/2005/honorary/citation-childs.cfm [accessed August 15, 2012]

The Legacy Of The Revolutionary War - 1050 Words

Abbie Cox Founding Brothers Essay Ch. 6 APUSH In 1776, the American people declared themselves an independent nation. The American people were traumatized by the Revolution and feared a strong central government. This led to their first attempt at a government, the Articles of Confederation, which ultimately failed. After this let down of a government, the founding fathers wrote the Declaration of Independence, which would become the law of the American land. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were two influential individuals, who were originally involved in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Both were involved in the political side of the Revolutionary war, but when speaking of it, told alternate versions of the war. As they approached the end of their lives, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams dedicated themselves to telling extremely differentiating versions of the Revolutionary War; Jefferson focusing on the glory and Adams focusing on the hardships, while Jefferson’s version is the only one recorded in the tex tbooks students use today. Thomas Jefferson was one of the youngest signers of the Declaration of Independence, 99and the third president of the United States of America. Jefferson was extraordinary with words, stringing them together seamlessly so that to deny his word was unheard of. Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence, but he plagiarized the ideas from an enlightenment thinker John Locke. 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Berlin Blockade free essay sample

Each place had a 90 second interval to land and deliver food, looting, oil and building materials, this was extremely difficult as the corridor was full of soviet planes yet by September, 4600 tones was being flown into West Berlin. Therefore the blockade was a failure for the USSR as they failed to keep the West out and ended up giving in as the West were persistent in not withdrawing and showing how strong capitalism was as a whole. One cause of the Berlin Blockade is that the cold war was worsening because of events such as the Prague Coup, Conform and the Truman Doctrine. The Prague Coup was a time in which the Communists took over Czechoslovakia hat would start the process of introducing the Marshall Plan and the policy of containment as the East had been allowed to take over and spread the communism sphere of influence. After the Truman Doctrine had been created, Conform was created by the Soviets in response to it and focused mainly on politics as politicians were linked to the Soviets and they had to do what Stalin wanted. This therefore was the start of Blockade as it was starting to show how opposite they were and what they had in mind for Europe was completely clashing with each others ideas.Another cause was the Aims for Germany as this was one of the most significant examples of disagreement between the West and East. The aims for Germany were first discussed at the Yalta conference in Feb./March 1945 and also at the Potsdam conference in July/August 1 945 and whereas Stalin wanted Germany to stay weak and divided so that this meant there was no threat to the USSR, the West (made up of Britain, France and the USA) wanted Germany to be prosperous again.This was because they were giving them money and food therefore damaging their economy but also because a wealthier and therefore stronger Germany loud mean that it could become the Wests first line of defense against the USSR. This signified that they wanted to speed up economic recovery of Germany. This was a cause of the Berlin Blockade because it was breaking both Yalta and Potsdam agreements as the West got scared and the East were pushing boundaries. Similarly to this, Begonia is also considered a cause of the Blockade as this was also going against the agreements of both conferences.Begonia was the unification of Britain and the Aquas zones in Germany. This made the rebuilding Of Germany easier and therefore made Germany stronger for any future attacks. This would have been a problem for the East and West because it scared Stalin as he believed it was a threat to attack. Therefore this was yet another problem that had aroused between the capitalists and communists as it was seen as tactic to rebuild Germany stronger than before putting everyone at risk if there was an attack. Another cause of the Blockade was investment in West Germany as this may have looked to Stalin as a chance of strengthening the economy and military as possibly a threat to the East. There were a number of things that made the investment more significant such as the Marshall Plan/Marshals Aid. Marshall Aid was to do with the containment of communism by helping all countries in Europe who wished for economic assistance including West Berlin. This was a tactic by the West to try and stop the countries struggling from turning to communism henceforth increasing Stalins communist sphere of influence across Europe.This would have made the West to look weaker than they actually were if the policy of containment hadnt been successful. Finally the last cause of the Berlin Blockade was the New Currency situation that occurred in the winter of 1947-48. There was a discussion on the introduction of a new currency between the East and West yet Stalin was completely opposed to the idea. Interestingly, the West went against Stalins feelings and introduced a new currency called the Deutsche. They didnt however; introduce the currency in West Berlin.The East, in retaliation, also introduced their own currency but also introduced it in East Berlin. This then led to the introduction of the Deutsche in West Berlin. This therefore suggested that now they were competing with each other for power and there now was a gig point of tension across the whole of Europe. These factors all led to the Berlin blockade because as a result of these, when the main autobahn was closed for repairs, the USSR stopped all rail traffic between the West and Berlin.It also suggested a build-up of tension and anger between the two sides that had been less noticeably present for quite some time yet had never been addressed before. The main reason for the Berlin blockade was Begonia and was a bigger reason that the cold war worsening, aims for Germany and new currency/investment in West Germany because this now meant that are owe two super sectors and meant that West Germany had a Western influence.This would anger Stalin because he might think that Germany is becoming stronger and being built back up by the West and prove a bigger threat to him. The Berlin Blockade was the first time that the former allies had ever come close to fighting each other and therefore the consequences of the airlift/blockade were enormous and damaging for any relationship the CSS and USSR had. One consequence of the blockade was the Arms Race as this showed significant fear and tension between Stalin and Truman.In 1 945, America developed the A-Bomb without the Soviets being informed, then in 1949, the Soviets had successfully managed to develop the A-Bomb; this happened 3-4 years earlier than expected by the Americans. This meant that both sides feared each other as they felt they were in danger and began to rapidly build up their armies and weapons in the 1 asss American doubled its air force and increased army to 3. 5 million men. As the arms race continued to develop as a fast pace, the H-Bomb was developed by the USA in 1952 and by 1 953 so had the Soviets. This again was much quicker than expected and showed the development within the USSR technology. Overall by the sasss both had the H-Bomb which could wipe out an entire city, 852 bombers (Americans) could com platelet destroy Moscow and if the Russians attacked America, roughly 20 million would die. A significant development In the Arms Race was when in 1957, the USSR developed Spics before America.This therefore showed that Arms Race had become increasingly competitive after the Berlin Blockade. Another consequence linked to the Arms Race was the development of NATO and the Warsaw Pact as this also showed increasing fear and distrust between the two sides. The North Atlantic Treaty Association (NATO) was an organization set up by the West to protect against the USSR. Originally 1 2 western states signed the pact and agreed that they would support the other if one was attacked.A major problem with NATO was that it only had 14 army divisions whereas the USSR and its allies had 173. The USSR condemned NATO by claiming that the west was preparing for war and then when West Germany were allowed to join, Stalin created the Warsaw Pact in 1955 as retaliation to NATO. All Eastern European countries mined except Yugoslavia and similarly to the terms in NATO, they would protect each other if they were attacked. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact were military alliances and based on collective security.This therefore showed that neither side actually trusted each other even though they used to be legalities a few years before, it showed the differences between them and highlighted how little they actually had in common in terms of working together. Also there is the fact that East and West German were created in 1949. May 1949 was the time when the western allies brought their zones gather to form the State Of West Germany commonly known as the FROG the Federal Republic of Germany.This then resulted in the eastern allies also bringing their zones together to form the state of East Germany officially known as the GIRD German democratic republic. Additionally to this, Berlin was also more divided than it used to be and therefore much like when West Germany was created by the western allies, West Berlin was created by Britain, America and France. To compete with this change in the West, the East Berliners were encouraged to start thinking of themselves as a part of East Germany by the USSR.This therefore suggests that there was a competition for power and control within Europe be;en the two of them and also it showed that all agreements in the past regarding Germany were off and that it was a case of trying to build up their individual empires. This can be linked to the Berlin wall because when Khr ushchev came into power, he saw that the GIRD, even though they remained loyal to the USSR, were fragile and struggling and were therefore often faced with a prosperous FROG and as a result of this, millions were fleeing over the border to have a happier fife within the ERG.